The Portrayal of Women in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Ladies have picked up balance with men over the numerous era of the advancement of the cutting edge western progress. Henceforth, it can't be neglected that there still exist numerous abstract instances of social negligence for lady potential. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness embodies the Western male centric sexual orientation jobs in which ladies are given the sub-par status. In addition to the fact that women are depicted as being mediocre compared to men, yet Marlow's (the protagonist's) only here and there referencing of them in his Congo experience account represents his perspective on their irrelevance. There is an aggregate of five ladies introduced in Marlow's account yet just three of them are huge minor characters: Marlow's auntie, Kurtz's African escort, and Kurtz's Planned. The accompanying paper will analyze how the introduction of every one of these three ladies in Marlow's account adds to associating occasions in the story. Regardless of the summed up perspective on ladies of his time, Marlow's account demonstrates a progressively determined perspective on the estimation of ladies which propose that they are all naã ¯ve yet with socially subordinate personas. In introducing female characters, Marlow may have proposed to add more embodiment to his story. In any case, every one of their appearances and his portrayals of them served to be allegorical, yet incredible commitments to the story line. From the earliest starting point, Marlow sends an unmistakable message to the peruser with respect to his situation on the picture of ladies. He relates how he attempted the ladies after he found no man to assist him with accomplishing his voyaging and exchanging desire. He accomplished something strange for his time; he went to a lady for budgetary guide. Since this lady is really his auntie, one may contend that maybe Marlow isn't grateful enough to his... ...he connects her with having ground-breaking characteristics, she is as yet considered naã ¯ve for not having expected takeoff from Kurtz. She shows distress and melancholy as she tosses her hands to the sky as the steamer pulls away. At last, Marlow utilizes Kurtz's Intended to help his perspective on ladies as being exact. So as to spare their dreamlands, Marlow contends that men can stoop as low as lying. In exceptional manners the three critical female figures impact the advancement of Marlow's story however they don't impact the topic of the story; which is Marlow's investigation of the haziness of the human spirit. Protecting the wonderful world of ladies as Marlow proposes denies ladies venture into the Darkness. Their job is along these lines restricted to their social condition and their own reality since they probably won't have the solidarity to deal with all the troubles and allurement. The Portrayal of Women in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Essay Ladies have picked up equity with men over the numerous era of the development of the advanced western human progress. Thus, it can't be ignored that there still exist numerous artistic instances of social negligence for lady potential. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness embodies the Western male centric sex jobs in which ladies are given the sub-par status. In addition to the fact that women are depicted as being second rate compared to men, however Marlow's (the protagonist's) only from time to time referencing of them in his Congo experience account represents his perspective on their unimportance. There is a sum of five ladies introduced in Marlow's account however just three of them are huge minor characters: Marlow's auntie, Kurtz's African special lady, and Kurtz's Planned. The accompanying article will analyze how the introduction of every one of these three ladies in Marlow's story adds to interfacing occasions in the story. Notwithstanding the summed up perspective on ladies of his time, Marlow's story shows an increasingly indicated perspective on the estimation of ladies which propose that they are all naã ¯ve however with socially subordinate personas. In introducing female characters, Marlow may have planned to add more embodiment to his account. In any case, every one of their appearances and his portrayals of them served to be allegorical, yet amazing commitments to the story line. From the earliest starting point, Marlow sends a reasonable message to the peruser with respect to his situation on the picture of ladies. He relates how he attempted the ladies after he found no man to assist him with accomplishing his voyaging and exchanging desire. He accomplished something strange for his time; he went to a lady for money related guide. Since this lady is really his auntie, one may contend that maybe Marlow isn't grateful enough to his... ...he connects her with having amazing characteristics, she is as yet considered naã ¯ve for not having expected takeoff from Kurtz. She shows distress and melancholy as she tosses her hands to the sky as the steamer pulls away. At long last, Marlow utilizes Kurtz's Intended to help his perspective on ladies as being exact. So as to spare their dreamlands, Marlow contends that men can stoop as low as lying. In exceptional manners the three huge female figures impact the advancement of Marlow's story yet they don't impact the topic of the story; which is Marlow's investigation of the haziness of the human spirit. Safeguarding the excellent world of ladies as Marlow recommends denies ladies venture into the Darkness. Their job is along these lines restricted to their social condition and their own reality since they probably won't have the solidarity to deal with all the troubles and enticement.

Effects of Alcohol on the Family Essay

Liquor Dependence, otherwise called liquor addiction, is an extremely far reaching handicapping addictive turmoil, influencing 4% of Canadians. Liquor addiction may begin harmlessly, because of the adequacy of social drinking, yet after some time, can prompt genuine medical issues, including mind, kidney and liver harm. In spite of the fact that heavy drinkers appear to harm themselves, they are harming their families considerably more. Lesser-referred to, yet similarly as genuine casualties of liquor misuse are the alcoholics’ kids. The negative impacts start in the belly, where drinking during pregnancy frequently causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and different deformities. After the infant is conceived, the dangers proceed, as the kids in alcoholic families will in general come up short on a steady family condition and have a genuinely high pace of misuse. These components, just as hereditary inclination, are solid points of reference to the kid creating liquor misuse issues themselves. These youngsters likewise will in general show more side effects of tension and despondency, and have lower confidence than kids from nonalcoholic families. These elements may likewise add to the probability of the kid turning into a drunkard. At the point when a couple of beverages has transformed into a couple too much, a couple of too often, some may begin to speculate liquor addiction. This is regularly how liquor misuse begins, with adequate social drinking expanding to where the consumer can no longer control their craving and impulse to drink. Drinking a lot of liquor over an extensive stretch changes the concoction balance in the mind connected to joy, making the body pine for liquor. Side effects of liquor abuse are visit inebriation; drinking and proceeding to savor liquor proper places and times; and regularly, disavowal of the issue. Because of the legitimateness and accessibility of liquor, it tends to be hard to stop or help another quit drinking, which can bring about long haul liquor misuse. At the point when one has been mishandling liquor for significant stretches of time, it can cause various mental and physical issues, including, yet not constrained to liver harm, kidney harm, coronary illness, alcoholic dementia, mind harm, and a horde of mental issues. Liquor abuse likewise accompanies an assortment of comorbid issue, most usually significant burdensome issue, and uneasiness related clutters (Petrakis, 86). The request for the co-event isn't in every case clear; whether these scatters came about because of the liquor abuse, or whether the liquor addiction was activated by the disarranges differs as needs be, yet notwithstanding, the alcoholic has a greatly improved possibility of recuperation if the two issues are dealt with together. (Medline Plus) Drinking liquor during pregnancy has been found to build wellbeing dangers to the hatchling, particularly after the main trimester. Any measure of liquor may hurt a creating infant, no ‘safe amount’ has yet been built up; anyway the more liquor devoured by a hopeful mother, the higher the dangers are of the infant creating Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, or FAS. FAS is a progression of mental and physical imperfections that can create in a hatchling during pregnancy if the mother has been drinking. The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence expresses that around 5000 children are brought into the world every year with extreme FAS, and another 35000 are brought into the world with milder manifestations. On the off chance that a heavy drinker woman’s first kid has FAS, the danger of her subsequent kid having FAS also is an overwhelming 70%. The scope of birth deserts brought about by FAS can be minor to major, and are almost in every case long haul. The newborn child will be brought into the world underweight and with a liquor reliance. A detox period will follow birth, now and again going on for as long as a while. These infants will in general have cerebrum and skull disfigurements, and can have extremely unmistakable facial highlights, for example, little eye openings, slight upper lips, and long, level countenances. (Dozois, and Firestone 249-262) (Davis, and Frost 100-101) As the infant develops, learning issues that will shield the kid from advancing ordinarily may get evident. FAS can make harm the focal sensory system, which may bring about serious learning incapacities. Because of this, the youngster may have issues figuring out how to walk, having the option to rest, and concentrating on engine aptitudes; and have discourse issues, hearing hindrance, and diminished memory review. They may have low confidence, be hyperactive, and be handily incensed or disappointed. Mellow or extreme hindrance, intense subject matters, the failure to security and speak with other kids their age are regular qualities for a youngster who experiences Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. It regularly brings about lower and by and large scholarly execution (contrasted with non-FAS kids), and troubles in perusing, composing, spelling, and arithmetic. (Dozois, and Firestone 254) Another reaction of liquor addiction in the family is the absence of a steady family condition. Liquor has been known to contrarily influence conjugal connections, separating families, be the reason for self destruction, bring about joblessness and neediness, and cause or compound kid misuse. More than 3 fold the number of individuals report to have been recently hitched to a heavy drinker, contrasted with those at present wedded to a drunkard, showing that connections including liquor misuse are more averse to last than calm connections. Regularly, in the event that one parent is a drunkard and the other isn't, the calm accomplice feels that the drinking outweighs them and their family. This unequivocally influences couples with youngsters, as they may adequately lose either parent, or wind up being transported between them. More awful than losing a parent to separate is the truth of losing a parent to self destruction. The connection among liquor abuse and self destruction is clear, and has been all around recorded. Liquor is a depressant, and can welcome on scenes of significant burdensome issue. Liquor misuse is regularly either self-prescription for melancholy, or the reason for alcoholic sadness. Frequently, alcoholic melancholy is a blend of the two, an endless loop of activating and self-curing that compounds one’s enthusiastic state. This hopelessness, joined with conceivable joblessness; conjugal, family, and money related issues; and declining wellbeing because of savoring, results all the more toasting ‘drink away’ the issues, which can drive one to the brink and cause them to end their own life. (Drunkard. ca) Even if the two guardians are alive and present in a child’s life, they may not generally be the dependable grown-ups and guardians they are relied upon to be. Numerous seriously alcoholic guardians can't take care of and satisfy their child’s physical and enthusiastic necessities, and some may even require the youngster to rashly accept the job of the parent and deal with the grown-up. They might be sincerely and monetarily bolstered by their kids in situations where their liquor addiction is unreasonably serious for them to act naturally dependent and hold a stable employment. In the event that there are more youthful kin, the duties of child rearing may tumble to the most established kid, once in a while completely. This job inversion is tragic, however very basic in families where the fundamental guardian is influenced by substance misuse and liquor addiction. This likewise brings about the kids lacking appropriate good examples to gain from, and as young people, are bound to do ineffectively in school, or drop out completely and not seek after post-auxiliary instruction. Offspring of drunkards have higher paces of truancy, capture, discouragement, and enslavement than their companions, and are typically progressively forceful, over the top, indiscreet, and have lower confidence. (Parsons) Child misuse adds to the shakiness of the life of a youngster with alcoholic guardians. While youngster misuse, in contrast to FAS, can likewise happen in families without alcoholic guardians, 4/5 of detailed cases included substance misuse, normally including liquor. Liquor addiction is likewise more pervasive among kid manhandling guardians than the individuals who don't mishandle their youngsters, and is more generally connected with kid maltreatment than some other issue. The maltreatment isn't restricted to physical maltreatment; it comes in numerous structures, including sexual, verbal, passionate, and mental maltreatment, just as disregard. There are numerous reasons and speculations behind the realities, all are consistent with a specific degree as a rule. Some state that heavy drinkers are commonly progressively rough and inclined to animosity, which makes their kids an advantageous objective. The liquor may be making them forceful, or they may forceful commonly, which is exacerbated by the liquor. Additionally, since liquor and kid misuse are associated, numerous drunkards were mishandled as kids themselves, and subsequently, are bound to manhandle their own kids. This maltreatment puts their kids at a more serious danger of liquor abuse, just as manhandling their future youngsters, sustaining the cycle. Psychological mistreatment and disregard normally happen when the intoxicated parent can't effectively evaluate their own needs, inwardly (or truly) surrenders their kid, or doesn't regard them as a parent should. Notwithstanding the explanation, kid misuse brings about the kids doing inadequately in school, having confidence issues, hostile to social conduct, having sentiments of blame and disgrace, and experiencing wretchedness. Manhandled kids are likewise substantially more liable to grow up to mishandle their own kids, and to have substance misuse issues of their own. (Widom and Hiller-Sturmhofel 52-57) Despite the undeniable expectation that a youngster with alcoholic guardians will gain from their slip-ups and grow up to be a compulsion free grown-up, the inverse is generally obvious. The offspring of drunkards are undeniably bound to turn into a result of their condition and create substance misuse issues, likely including, yet not constrained to, liquor abuse. Without legitimate good examples and guides to base themselves off of, these kids will in general fall into their parents’ propensities and mimic their activities. Alcoholic guardians are additionally bound to have brought their youngsters up in a situation where liquor misuse was more typical or more acknowledged than non-alcoholic guardians, where t

What Is a Presenting Problem

What Is a Presenting Problem Phobias Print How a Presenting Problem Indicates What Kind of Phobia You Have By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on October 10, 2019 Universal Images Group / Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types To a patient, the presenting problem is the reason youre seeking professional help. To your healthcare provider, the presenting problem is one section of an intake and inquiry form she writes up and saves as part of your medical record. When discussing what you think may be a phobia with your therapist during the initial patient interview, you present your problem to the therapist and she will further assess you to make a diagnosis. Presenting Problem for the Patient If you think your fear of cats, or ailurophobia, interferes with your daily life to such a degree that you need a mental health professional to help you overcome it, your presenting problem is ailurophobia. During your appointment, you share this self-diagnosis, or list of symptoms with your therapist and her job is to determine if your presenting problem is the actual issue. In order to come to a correct diagnosis, the therapist needs additional information provided by you in the form of spoken answers, written explanations, and/or medical tests. Presenting the Problem on Intake and Inquiry Forms A phobia falls under the umbrella of anxiety disorders. If you have an appointment with a therapist to address your phobia, she will fill out the presenting problem section by asking you questions. Standard information on an initial psychological assessment include:    Your description of the presenting problem    Your goals and expectations of therapy    How long youve had the problem    Prior attempts to resolve it When the Presenting Problem Is a Specific Phobia When the presenting problem is a specific phobia, a fear of a specific object or situation, your therapist will ask a series of questions to determine if you have a simple fear or meet the American Psychiatric Associations (APA) criteria for phobia, including:  Does your fear seriously impair your ability to function in your daily life? For example, prevent you from seeking medical care in a timely manner, interfere with your social activities, or cause you to miss work.  Do you feel shortness of breath or heart palpitations in certain situations for no apparent reason?  Do you go out of your way to avoid your fear or endure it under extreme duress? When the Presenting Problem Is a Social Phobia If your presenting problem is a social phobia or social anxiety disorder, you have an intense fear of being scrutinized, embarrassed or humiliated in front of other people. Some of the questions your therapist will ask are similar to specific phobia. Other questions she may ask you include:  Do you develop symptoms in situations when there is a possibility of scrutiny by other people?  Are you afraid of embarrassing or humiliating yourself in front of others?  When you consider your reaction to your fear, is it out of proportion to any real risk? When the Presenting Problem Is Agoraphobia The third type of phobia is agoraphobia, a fear of being unable to escape from a situation or place. This phobia has similar symptoms to the two other types of phobia, so your therapist will need to ask a series of questions to see if your presenting problem is the real issue, including:      Are you afraid to use public transportation?      Do open spaces, such as a shopping mall or parking lot trigger your anxiety response?      Are you afraid to be in an enclosed space, such as a bathroom stall or movie theater?      Does the thought of being out of the house by yourself frighten you?

Steroids in Major League Baseball - 800 Words

Steroids in Major League Baseball Anabolic steroids have been abused by Major League Baseball players for years, it’s time to forever ban the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs before they ruin America’s past time. Why should athletes be able to cheat when teammates or rivals are competing with honest effort? Every year records are broken and new heights are achieved, the game of baseball is very simple yet very humble, and to deceive the game you love, forever will you be punished. Let me inform you with the origin in which PEDs were first used and where they came from, regulation, and a possible solution. Testosterone use goes back as far as 1889. Pud Galvin, a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys used a testosterone hormone†¦show more content†¦Between 1998 and 2009 ten players would join the 500 club. The game was making an uprising, but was it truthful? Obviously not much changed from before and after illegalization of steroid use. Of those ten pla yers between 98’ and 09’ six players were Performance-enhancing drug related. Baseball is not the game everyone remembers a century ago or even half a century, with honest players playing for the love of the game, not cutting corners and taking undeserved achievements. In 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroids Control Act, but didn’t say how the offenders would be caught. â€Å"The next year MLB Commissioner Fay Vincent made it clear in a memo that this was very much relevant to baseball.†(Rymer) The memo read as follows: â€Å"The possession, sale or use of any illegal drug or controlled substance by Major League players and personnel is strictly prohibited. Major League players or personnel involved in the possession, sale or use of any illegal drug or controlled substance are subject to discipline by the Commissioner and risk permanent expulsion from the game†¦ This prohibition applies to all illegal drugs and controlled substances, inclu ding steroids or prescription drugs for which the individual in possession of the drug does not have a prescription.†(ESPN) Every player whoShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Steroids And Major League Baseball1638 Words   |  7 Pagesin Major League history. However, this record is controversial, due to steroid use. B. Thesis: Today I am going to persuade you all about the use of steroids in Major League Baseball, persuading you why steroids should not be allowed in Major League Baseball. I have a call to action for all of you to help others if they are considering using steroids, and next time you watch a MLB game to realize the impact of steroids. C. Credibility: Gave my informative speech on Steroids in Major League BaseballRead MoreThe Illegal Steroid Use in The Major League Baseball1355 Words   |  6 Pagestake a look and study the illegal steroid use in Major League Baseball, and possible ways it can be exempt from the game forever. Use of performance enhancing drugs is cheating and causes inequalities, in which new repercussions should be implemented. These new rules should include a zero tolerance level, records stripped and not being rewarded of their accomplishments; which is to include banishment from an admittance into the Hall of Fame. Furthermore, it causes major health concerns and could endRead MoreAnabolic Steroids in Major League Baseball Essay1824 Words   |  8 PagesMajor League Baseball’s (MLB) commissioners are debating about the anabolic steroids situation that is occurring in professional baseball today. To many professionals are getting accused of using the harmful drug. Professional baseball players are getting tested twice a year for anabolic substances throughout the course of the regular season. In order to stop steroids in MLB, commissioners should pass random drug testing. Tony Larussa stated, â€Å"By having random drug tests, it would make the game ofRead MoreEssay on The Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball3073 Words   |  13 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball He walked into his hotel bathroom and cautiously closed the door. Clanging his 60 lb. dumbbell against the floor, he set his travel bag full of needles on the counter. While filling his syringe with THG, he began to think about the consequences of his actions; it is a serious problem, but he doesnt have the willpower to give up the success rewarded from it. As the needle slowly penetrated through the skin and half way through his muscle, he unloadedRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Why Major League Baseball players would use steroids is the biggest question that every person in the world wants to know. I think MLB players use steroids so they can bulk up and get stronger, which will allow them to last through the long, seven-month season. I think that because they play 162 games a year during these seven months that this causes a great deal of wear and tear on their bodies. Especially if a player gets hurt, they might try to takeRead MoreAnabolic Steroids are Ruining Major League Baseball Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesMajor League Baseball (MLB) has widely been regarded as America’s pastime for the longest time, however it is now becoming known as the sport tainted by one thing, anabolic steroids. An anabolic steroid is related to the natural steroid, testosterone. They are able to stimulate growth in the muscle tissue. They usually increase muscle mass and strength. The MLB has created some of the most historic American icons, such as Babe Ruth and Ted Williams. Players like them showed us what it was like toRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead More Performance Enhancing Steroids in Major League Baseball Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Enhancing Steroids in Major League Baseball The issue that our group is tackling is the use of illegal performance enhancing steroids in Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball is big business in the U.S., with 30 franchises valued at over 8.8 billion dollars. Player salaries range from the league minimum salary of three hundred twenty five thousand per year to ten million or more per year, and are based on the market value of each player when his current contract expires.Read MoreSteroids : The Most Exciting Season Ever Since Major League Baseball918 Words   |  4 PagesThe most exciting season ever in major league baseball was 1998 when Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa both chased after Babe Ruth’s record of sixty home runs in a single season. No one knew who would come out on top throughout the season, but in the end Mark ended up with 72 and Sammy with 66. Every baseball fan in America thought of these two guys as heroes, but the sad truth was that both of them had been cheating by using steroids. Steroids are a drug that will help increase your testosterone levelsRead MoreSteroids Abuse in Baseball1746 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior or

Should Pets Be Cloned - 1477 Words

| 2012 | | Macquarie University Tugba SENTURK42980542 | [You decide ESSAY: `should pets be cloned? `] | Tutor` Name: Prof. Helena NEVALAINEN Tutorial Name: CBMS880- Medical and Molecular Biotechnology | Animal cloning is getting popular by scientists day by day after the success of the sheep Dolly which was the first animal clone in the world. Dolly was created effectively by Roslin Instute scientist in Edinburgh (TechNyou) and she was euthanized when she was six year old due to a virus-induced lung tumour (Mott M., 2004). Even though the relevant scientists report that there is no evidence that cloning might be the cause of the disease of Dolly (Mott M., 2004), most of the scientists agree that cloning animals cannot be†¦show more content†¦Most of the cloned animals failed to reach healthy adulthood because of the obesity, anemia, hearth defects, liver fibrosis and respiratory failure (Mott M., 2004). These anomalies associated with failure of the immune system, structural abnormalities of the brain, digestive dysfunction, enteritis and umbilical infections (Can Vet J., 2003). One can argue that cloning the pets might be out of the way of evolution. Wisdom teeth can be used for an example of this. Human kinds had used these teeth to chew grass or tough stuff when they were cavemen. During the time, necessity of these teeth is eliminated and some of the people have never had them or wisdom teeth do not appear properly so, most of the people have a surgery to remove them. This example can be commented as adaptation for the environment and it is necessary for natural selection. Furthermore, child development might be affected of cloning. Children should learn the death to have a strong stance in life and pet cloning is not realistic to understand the real world. There may be some cons however there are also pros of pet cloning especially in the area of protecting endangered species. For example wild dogs or sapsal dog are rare animals and should be protected and preserved so cloning could be a solution for them (Hansen B., 2008). It is argued that the preservation has not been successful and that while their habitat in nature has been keep destroying, cloning endangered species does not makeShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cloning: How Unethical is it? Essays1171 Words   |  5 PagesDid you know that animals are used for testing purposes, such as cloning? Animals are undergoing cloning methods for scientific purposes and are even being brought back to life in the form of a clone in order to please grieving pet lovers. Cloning animals is very unethical and it is a highly controversial topic. Cloning allows for the suffering of animals and it does not create an exact replica of an animal; therefore, it is unethical. In simple terms, cloning an animal is using science to createRead MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pagesuterus. Following this discovery, mice, pigs and cattle have been cloned based on the same concept. In 2012, a group of scientists took cloning a step further and cloned human embryos. With great certainty, human cloning will be banned by the government due to human rights. The government has already deemed it illegal to fund human cloning projects. Despite the human rights issue, cloning serves a great role in research. These cloned embryos will help understand the biological nature of human cellsRead More The Cloning of Dogs Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pages Project Missyplicity: The leading research team for dog cloning is at Texas A M University. Their project is called Project Missyplicity, named after the chief contributor’s beloved pet dog, Missy. This project hopes that the  ¾ Border Collie,  ¼ Siberian Husky mutt will be the first dog to ever be cloned. Project Missyplicity has many purposes, as shown in their goals. The first and foremost of these goals is to of course clone Missy. Secondly, they want to improve the understanding ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cloning1445 Words   |  6 Pagesadvance in science? When it’s useful to humans? When humans can start to gain from it? Cloning procedures on plants and animals have been performed since the 1800’s. However, it just recently gained awareness in the 1990’s when Dolly the Sheep was cloned. Cloning is definitely a big advance in science; nonetheless, it can also be a very controversial subject. Cloning is a good thing as long as it is done with the wellbeing of the animals in mind or if it is being done on plants, as it is a breakthroughRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Animal Welfare1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn an attempt to ensure that all participants are aware of the ethical issues at stake and can make a valid contribution to the current debate regarding the creation and use of genetically engineered animals; all participants such as veterinarians should take consideration in this technology use. Also, the reflection of society’s values within scientific practice and evolving technology, particularly publicly funded efforts that aims to provide societal benefits. These challenges that come with animalsRead MoreHuman Values And The And Science Impact On Our Health, Lives, Society And Environment2049 Words   |  9 Pagesvalues and the rightness or wrongness of certain developments in life technology and medicine. These days when technology advancement allowed scientist to conduct test which may have â€Å"uncertain† consequences like Cloning. It’s necessary that people should know the pros and cons of such scientific procedures before they support its continued use. (9) Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of biological matter. Cloning can occur at the level of DNA, single cell, or whole organismRead MoreThe Cloning Of Cloning For Medical Services1586 Words   |  7 PagesCarolyn Said ´s article  ¨Here, kitty-kitty-kitty-kitty/Sausalito firm offers clones for $50,000, signs up cat owners ¨, reveals specifically in this company a person can clone their pet for $50,000, which means that cloning in general is a fairly expensive process. Carolyn ´s article mentions registered owners to clone their pets have to pay $900 plus $150 a year for maintenance. To achieve the creating of a clone, you have to practice many attempts which have a 95-98% of them failures  ¨occur either inRead MoreCloning Speech : Cloning And Cloning878 Words   |  4 Pagesbe in the in the future,animals are cloned all the time.Does the human race want to have a copy of itself. We need to understand what is happening to the cloned animals and w hat could possibly happen to us if we were to be cloned. Cloning has been around for years from 1938 by Hans Spemann to 1997 when Dolly the cloned sheep was made. Why should we care that cloning is bad? Cloning can have many complications before in the womb, during, and after. Why should we take those risks? The cost of cloningRead More Reproducibility Of Man Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pages1969, I am sure he didn’t expect it to parallel the arguments of today’s discussions on the ethics of cloning. In the short shadow of the replication of Dolly the sheep, and five little piglets from Virginia comes the discussion on if this practice should really be allowed, and if so, what limits do you set? How can you look in the eyes of people who have had there family members pass away because the cloning of pigs for their organs have been outlawed. But what do you say when it comes to the questionRead MoreThe term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically900 Words   |  4 PagesCl oning is a very controversial theme now in days that’s everybody should be informed about it. The majority of the people doesn’t know anything about the subject and do not have the knowledge to make an opinion about it. Cloning animals may be very helpful for the society, our kids and new generations. Examples, the different ways how artificial cloning works and the two main types of cloning happens are important facts everyone should know. The two main types of cloning are natural cloning and artificial

Learning teaching and assessment Free Essays

This presentation will inform a 750-1250 word written analysis of your own development needs in relation to the role of the teacher, when considering and making adjustments to assessments for students with disabilities identified in your presentation. Through working in a special school, teaching Learning Outside the Classroom (LOtC) I have had to adjust my teaching and own assessment practices to meet a range of disabilities, all the children at School, have a statement of special needs. These needs include mild medical issues, developmental disorders including ADHD and Dyspraxia, utism and behavioural, emotional and social issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning teaching and assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ways in which we assess the learning of these students has been adapted and changed to suit their needs and have been identified in this presentation. â€Å"Learning the skills for a happy and prosperous life will be at the heart of all we do†. (2010). The school follows the national curriculum with a strong focus on teaching skills. We have adapted skills competencies for LOtC from the National curriculum. The skills the learners will gain are transferable, therefore any activity can be used to teach/learn any of the individual skill competencies. We have based the activities on what will motivate the learners making it easier for them to access the learning of the desired skill. By developing skills and confidence of the students they will make better progress when learning other curriculum subjects. â€Å"Although at this time, there is no cure for autism, targeting the unique learning styles of individuals with autism can and does meaningfully engage them, teaching them skills that have a positive effect on life outcomes†. Joanne M. Caflero (2013) To enable learners with these disabilities to understand, engage and learn from their lessons a number of adaptations have been ade. The day starts with a wipe board where the plan for the LOtC session is drawn up (Apendixl). These animations of the activities enable both audio and kinaesthetic learning. Lesson plans are based on meeting the need of learners and are structured around the heading of the Every Child Matters Outcomes. These learners need routine, structure and visual clues to support Accelerated Learning (2001). To assess the learners with disabilities, we have been progressing them through the skills sets on the Scheme of Work (SOW) (Appendix2) during the year. Each term the school focuses on a skill set determined on the SOW. The skill set is broken down into competencies which we focus on during lessons. Each lesson’s objective is always an individual skill competency from the SOW, which is pre-determined by myself and my colleague during our lesson planning. The skill competency is made specific by choosing an activity which will influence behaviours of the learners to develop the competencies through activity or communication. The activity to promote skill competency development is kept very simple so the learners understand and are easily able to achieve it and promote development in the future. The skill competency is explained to the learners prior to the activity, learners are then given the opportunity to put forward their ideas as an individual or in a small group, on how to best demonstrate their understanding ot the skill competency, allowing tor differentiation and inclusive learning. For example, this term the school were working towards the skill set ‘Improving Own Learning Performance’ (Appendix 2). My colleague and I identified to work on ‘Plan Ways to Improve Their Own Learning (Appendix 2, 2. ‘x). To simplify this for the learners to understand, we re- orded it as ‘Plan and get Better’. We identified Archery as a suitable activity for learners to demonstrate this skill competency. We asked learners to self-identify a lesson goal focusing on a specific element of Archery, for example improving aiming, or pulling of the string. We allow the learners to practice the activity and then we ask the learner to identify their improvement. How to cite Learning teaching and assessment, Essays

Small Scale Farm

Table of Contents Introduction General systems classification Farm-Household system Outputs Controllers Conclusion References List Introduction An agricultural system can be defined as various components brought together. This is achieved by a form of interaction and interdependence operating within certain boundaries. The aim is to achieve designated agricultural goals and objectives to benefit the owner.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Scale Farm-Household System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The analysis of agricultural farming system has two dimensions including the production and management systems. The production system involves crops, pasture, animals, soil and the biophysical system. The management system, which is more predictable than the biophysical system, involves values, goals, people, knowledge and resources (Singha, et al, 2012). Agricultural system research began in the late 1970s b y scholars based in the developed nations. The aim was to address the challenges faced by small scale farmers who had not embraced new technology. At the time, technological innovations only suited large scale farmers. The main aims of the research were to educate small scale farmers on how they should make decisions. In the 1980s, some European scholars also found out that small scale farmers in inhabitable areas were not adopting new technology appropriately. Therefore, the agricultural system was introduced to assess the needs and potential of both commercial scale and small-scale farmers. The main purpose of farming systems approach is to address world changes and solve problems that challenge farmers (Mcgilloway, 2005). In the early days, farming was preoccupied by crops and livestock keeping. However, todays there is no limitation to the amount of enterprises a farm system can have. Multi-scale approaches have opened up studies on landscape and market environments.Advertising Looking for report on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modern system recognises the role of different stakeholders and the different aspects that they bring into play. Modern systems take a territorial rather than a sectorial approach where some members of the family work outside the farm, but still enjoy the benefits of the output. System performances are not pegged on productivity alone but encompass stability and sustainability. Farms are changing continuously in the same way as the society, economy and climatic conditions. Optimum conditions require constant learning that involves an active and continuous process (Byzedi, et al, 2011). General systems classification The systems can be divided into three broad classifications that include natural, artificial and social systems. Natural systems are those that occur naturally; they are not a subject of mankind. They include all things that exist naturally, and inc lude both physical and biological components of nature. It is important to gain deeper knowledge about how these systems interrelate and all processes that occur to constitute the world and support all forms of life (Ahmed, Alam Hasan, 2010). It is not possible to copy or duplicate the fundamental, natural systems. They exist in their own form. Those that are relevant to agriculture may include the following: the weathering or rocks to form soils; plants that grow on the soil; animals that feed on the plants; manure obtained from the animal and rechanneled to the soil to enhance its fertility among other natural systems (Araà ºjo Melo, 2010). The definition of social systems can be very hard and tricky. Nonetheless, they include societies that form social groups, institutions and social mechanisms created by social groups. They also include the interrelations that exist amongst individuals, groups, societies and communities. This can be observed directly or manifested through oth er medium of the institutions. Social institutions are characterized by relationships among individuals, groups, and communities, as opposed to non-living things.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Scale Farm-Household System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human, social systems have a direct impact on farming activities. The term social system is used widely to refer to institutions and relationships of an economic, social, political and religious nature (Byzedi, et al, 2011). Artificial systems are similar to social systems in that they do not occur in nature, but are purely of human nature. They are manufactured by man to serve human needs. All artificial systems are derived from either or both kinds of elements. This includes elements obtained from natural and social systems and elements created for certain purposes by each artificial system. The general relation of this system is that natural systems a re strictly independent of all other systems. Although social systems may seem to be independent, they are interdependent on natural systems for survival. In addition, artificial systems indirectly depend on natural systems and directly on social systems (Cairns Brookfield, 2011). Farm-Household system In general, a farm household system is comprised of the various parameters that govern the operation and sustainability of the system. This includes the system boundaries, household, plan of operation, resource pool, the final product enterprise, resource generating activities, agro-technical processes, whole farm service matrix, structural coefficients, and the time dimension. System boundaries are the parameters used to differentiate the system from other systems, as well as from the external world at large. Such boundaries are usually obtained from the structural characteristics of farm, aims of analysis, and interrelation with the physical boundary. The boundary may also include farm income generating activities (Cernea Kassam, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The farm household consists of the nuclear family, but at times may include the extended family. It also includes all farm workers and labourers situated or working and residing within the farm’s boundaries. The basic assumption is that all households are run or controlled by males. However, this is not always the case as research has shown that there are households that are purely managed by females. The household performs two major roles in the farm-household system. This includes assisting in resource management and as beneficiaries of the system. Household members are responsible for providing leadership, providing objectives and goal, and providing management to the farm. In small scale farms, the principal beneficiaries are usually the family members. However, some external beneficiaries may also exist. It is also common for other family members who do not live on the farm to come during harvest or ask for assistance from the resident members (Martius, 2012). Operating plan refers to the household objectives that are identified and achieved through the preparation and implementation of a farm operating plan. This may be achieved by choosing the best possible mix of activities, agro-technical processes, enterprises and resources. Accountants classify farm resources into two components namely fixed and short term resources. Fixed resources are used for very long periods and may include land, machinery and irrigation system. They are used to maintain the farm and by individual enterprises. Short term resources are used every year and form a recurrent expenditure. They consist of items such as fertilisers and pesticides. Farm resources can also be viewed from their potential rather than from results of their use. Farm resources flow from the main pool to other sublevels of the system to generate the farm’s output (Chapagain Gurung, 2010). A farm enterprise consists of sublevels whose main purpose is to produce output. It may involve the use of various technology and process activities with the aim of producing end products. Resource generating activities are classified into three general categories including domestic use, general use, and those used by certain enterprises. Whole-farm service matrix refers to fixed capital resources that are critical to the routine operations on the farm. However, they are not directed to any exclusive use of any enterprise or activity such as land, barns and irrigation channels. Some capital items exist as subsystems and are interdependent from other components such as grain drying facilities, methods of soil conservation and plough. Capital is managed and used to provide services that are not specific, but facilitate the operation of the lower levels of the farm system (Chopra, 2005). Structural coefficients are things that define and enumerate linkage relationships between various parts or elements within a subsystem. An essential quality of any system is the correlation and interrelat ion between all sublevels of the system. Time dimension cannot be defined but rather reflects on certain operating phases that may have the same duration as the longest enterprise of a subsystem. In this case, cotton has a gestation of seven months or one year depending on the climatic conditions. If the household objectives are achieved, it can be reactivated in continuous stages. A good system may allow further development and mechanization, while a bad system might prove unsustainable (Halberg, 2006). A diagram of interrelationships of elements in a simple household system Some of the key inputs of this system include the farm operating plan and the farm’s pool of resources such as land, water, seeds and cash. It also includes household components, various farm activities, external forces and farm processes. The operating plan is the policies and objectives that have been established. A poor plan leads to poor output. The resource pool is where the fixed capital services are stored. All the subsystems get allocation of these resources from this pool. This includes water for irrigation (MacRae, 2011). Household components are the social systems within the family. Despite the family being a social system and not an agricultural system, it dominates all other subsystems that make up the farm component. The family performs two basic functions. It assists in giving direction on resource management. It also acts as a beneficiary to the output produced. The use of fertilisers is also a major input in this system. As technology changes, more and more farmers are turning to the use of fertilisers and pesticides for the control of pests. Animals are also a major component of the input. They may be of single species such as dairy cows, fish and chicken. Manure from animals is also used as organic fertiliser to subsidise the use of inorganic products as fertiliser. The crops also form an input resource as they are used as fodder for animals. Animals are fed on the leftover matter from green plants (Magbanua, et al, 2010). Outputs The major outputs associated with this system include cash, food and seed. Cash is obtained from the sale of farm produce. This may include the sale of commodities such as agricultural products like grains, vegetables, milk, and meat. All the surplus produce that is not consumed by the family member is put on sale. The proceeds from this sale are rechanneled back into the farm system as capital for other enterprises (Sadati, et al, 2010). Controllers Farmer’s preference means that farmers have an impact on the output and input because of their own likes and dislikes. Human beings have their own preferences that affect the choices they make. Farmers decide on estimates of fertilizers, the seed type to plant, irrigation frequencies among others basing on their previous experiences, local community practice; advice from extension workers; labels found on fertilisers and pesticides or in reference to farm reco rds. Farmers also make decision basing on the actual financial costs of inputs and the amount of the effect it has on the output. In cases where the projected output is not known, the farmer is likely to rely on extension services. In addition, when big changes have been witnessed in previous outputs that necessitate making of changes, the farmer may be forced to adopt the new technology hence making changes to input that will impact on output (Mcgilloway, 2005). Conclusion Farming systems research will continue having a big impact in innovation and development of new agricultural methodologies. This is aimed to sustain agriculture both in the commercial and small scale farms. Farming system analysis has been pivotal in the empowerment of peasant farmers by enabling them to identify and implement strategies of improving their livelihoods. However, farming systems have a major challenge in that they are not widely adopted by the intended groups. The greatest challenges include how to engage the participation of small scale farmers in implementing these developments. It requires collaboration and exchange of information from all stakeholders and relevant institutions. This also requires liberalization of all political, social and economic barriers. It involves a move from the traditional norms of governance to friendly forms such as the use of horizontal interactive processes. References List Ahmed, N, Alam, M Hasan, M 2010, ‘The economics of sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) aquaculture under three different farming systems in rural Bangladesh’, Aquaculture Research, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1668-1682. Araà ºjo, A Melo, W 2010, ‘Soil microbial biomass in organic farming system’, Cià ªncia Rural, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2419-2426. Byzedi, M, et al. 2011, ‘Studying the Effects of Supplementary Irrigation (Sprinkler Systems) to Dry Farming Wheat Cultivars’, World Academy Of Science, Engineering Technology, vol. 79, p p. 551-553. Cairns, M Brookfield, H 2011, ‘Composite farming systems in an era of change: Nagaland, Northeast India’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 56-84. Cernea, MM Kassam, AH 2006, Researching the culture in agriculture: social research for international agricultural development, Wallingford, CABI Pub. Chapagain, T Gurung, G 2010, ‘Effects of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) Practices on the Sustainability of Maize-based Hill Farming Systems in Nepal’, Journal Of Agricultural Science (1916-9752), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 26-32. Chopra, KR 2005, Ecosystems and human well-being: policy responses: findings of the responses working group, Island Press, Washington. Halberg, N 2006, Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and prospects, CABI, Wallingford. MacRae, G 2011, ‘Rice Farming In Bali’, Critical Asian Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 69-92. Magbanua, F, et al. 2010, ‘Responses of stream macroinvertebrat es and ecosystem function to conventional, integrated and organic farming’, Journal Of Applied Ecology, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1014-1025. Martius, C 2012, Cotton, water, salts and soums: economic and ecological restructuring in Khorezm, Uzbekistan, Springer, Dordrecht [etc.]. Mcgilloway, D 2005, Grassland: a global resource: XX IGC 2005 Ireland United Kingdom, Academic Publishers, Wageningen. Sadati, S, et al. 2010, ‘Exploring the Solution for Overcoming Challenges Facing Peasant Farming System in Iran’, Journal Of Agricultural Science (1916-9752), vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 244-253. Singha, A K, et al. 2012, ‘Analysis on Influencing Factors of Technology Adoption of Different Land Based Enterprises of Farmers under Diversified Farming System’, Journal Of Agricultural Science (1916-9752), vol. 4, no. 2: 139-146. This report on Small Scale Farm-Household System was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels. The WritePass Journal

Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels. Abstract Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels. Abstract1.0  Introduction1.1  Aim1.2   RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONSResearch questions:  Limitations  FinanceAuthenticity of informationTime constraintsResearch OutlineLITERATURE REVIEW ON REVENUEMANAGEMENTRevenue ManagementDefinitionPurpose of Yield ManagementRM ToolsPricing strategiesDisplacement analysisInventory controlForecastingDemand forecastingBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Abstract This thesis has provided a structured literature review which gives a broader definitions of the major concepts in revenue management in terms of the applications and the long term relationship with customers. It then explores the extent to which revenue management is been applied in the Nigerian hospitality sector. The aim of this thesis is to analyze revenue management application in some selected hotels in Nigeria, Nigeria is made up of 36 states including the Federal Capital Territory. Three hotels will be selected from the 36 states adding up to a total of 108 hotels to which questionnaires will be sent, the result will give how RM is been applied in line with the manipulation techniques involved, above that, from the research, it will conduct a development plan for other hotels under utilising the full strength of RM tools. The goal of this thesis is to improve the profitability of the room capacity with the tools of revenue management being explored, The theoretical data for this thesis will be collected from the selected hotels, hospitality management literatures, and Internet. In addition, other important information sources will be from the author’s personal experience and a result from the questionnaires rolled out to gain a reliable and comprehensive information of the RM adoption. 1.0  Introduction This chapter gives an introduction to RM, following literatures by Orkin, (1990), Jones and Val, (1993), Karaesmen and van Ryzin, (2004), Kimes, (2000, 1998), Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003). We start with an elaborated explanation of revenue management, the history and its origin (Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003)). Afterwards, a conceptual framework for understanding the objectives of revenue management, the business platform on which RM can be adopted (Kimes, 1989), the way the system works and finally, this thesis will conclude by giving an outline of the remaining chapters of the thesis. We here trace the history of revenue management as practiced in the hospitality industry in an effort to illustrate what Jones and Lockwood, (1998), said about RM, they said that Revenue management is a well researched and explored manipulation technique for maximising revenue. Unfortunately, revenue management practice in Nigeria is little known, for example, it has been a commonplace to sell a room twice a day if the opportunity arise, increasing the revenue generated directly leading to RM application indirectly, this form the bisis of this dissertation and it is a gap this research is seeking to fill by exploring the extent to which RM is practised in Nigerian hotels directly and not been blind folded by an indirect approach of the application of Revenue Management. RM can be define as a management tool or technique which is currently being utilized by an increasing number of international chain of hotels and independently owned hotels in order to maximize the effective use of their available room capacity and ensure a boost financially, (Salmon, 1990). Furthermore, Jones and Lockwood, (1998), researched and concluded that RM is not entirely a new capacity manipulation tactic in the world, and most hoteliers practice some form of RM, such as the adjusting of room rates to temper fluctuations between peak and off-peak seasons, mid-week, and weekend rates. This Research, therefore, examines the use and application of RM in the hotel industry in Nigeria and aims to demonstrate its application towards effectively maximizing room revenue and profit maximization. For the sake of this thesis, a comprehensive literature review based on secondary sources in order to explore RM application will be established as a guide to the fieldwork and the areas of interest will be extracted from the literature review. Above others, these areas and issues will be investigated through the method of collecting primary data. Furthermore, all collected documentations will be made available in order to validate the information given during these interviews. This thesis is a very satisfying and challenging process since it focuses on the gap which has never been researched in the hospitality industry in Nigeria. Nevertheless, it is a valuable learning experience which will be cherished by revenue managers in Nigeria in order to enhance the revenue generated in their respective hotel(s). This thesis seek to give a proper understanding of revenue management tools including; Overbooking, Inventory control, displacement analysis pricing and lastly forecasting method, their impacts on the corporate performance in terms of customer satisfaction and loyalty leading to customer retention will be of secondary concern. 1.1  Aim This thesis seeks to explore the extent to which revenue management is being practised in Nigerian hotel in terms of the usage of RM tools which is afore mentioned. This will be achieved by exploring three hotels from each 36 states in Nigeria, some which will be from an international chain of hotels and others an independently owned hotels. Questionnaires will be rolled out to these selected hotels in other to have a generic perception towards the adoption of RM following the literature by Vinod (2004) in that the value of revenue management is assessed in the hotel industry. 1.2   RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS Every seller is faced with fundamental decisions, juxtaposing this, a BBQ restaurant selling chicken and chips should be able to decide on which period to make her maximum sale, the price to give and when to reduce the price. A cinema ticket or stadium ticket must be sold within a certain period, therefore, the manager must decide when to start selling tickets, what the asking price should be, and when to drop price if necessary. In the Hotel industry, it is similar; hotel managers should know when to drop prices on rooms, when to stop selling rooms, when to increase the prices of rooms. Following these examples, the Nigerian hotels’ operations led us to the objectives of the thesis: To explore the extent to which revenue management is applied. To seek the awareness of RM within the Nigerian hotels. Research questions: How is revenue managed in Nigerian hotels? To what extent do Nigerian hotels consider Customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and customer retention a priority?   Limitations   For the sake of this thesis, only three hotels will be explored from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, because there are several unregistered hotels and there is no proper list of all the hotels in Nigeria. However, some of the hotels are part of international chain of hotels operating on an international level while some are independently owned. Furthermore, we have limited the research to RM application and from the survey, the sensitive areas as regards to customer loyalty, satisfaction and long term retention will be explored, in other words, the loyalty, retention and satisfaction will be our secondary aim. Nonetheless, there may of course be other operations or practices within these hotels that affect revenue but our research is focused on the five RM tools been employed as afore mentioned. The followings under listed are the possible limitation this thesis might face. Finance One of the major problems for the research is finance, the financial aspect in terms of travelling to Nigeria to schedule   and execute an interview with the managers of the selected hotels and therefore, questionnaires will be sent via the wireless network (internet) using kwicksurvey; an internet based questionnaire software. Authenticity of information Secondly, Some of the managers to fill the questionnaires might accept the purpose of the study and fill, but some might be offended by it and feel it is a time wasting process and give a biased information. Time constraints Lastly, the risk for the study of not been able to find the information it needs at the allowed time. Finding the information may take more time than the limited time given (time constraints). Research Outline Chapter one will set a solid foundation for this thesis, therefore, the research   will continue by presenting a comprehensive literature review as far as revenue management is concerned in Chapter Two. A concise description and critical understanding of RM background will be the aim of the literature review (Chapter two). Furthermore, an overview of the literature within the following RM tools including; overbooking, displacement analysis, price control, inventory control (length of stay restriction) and as they lead to customer management will be given in order to set the base and create an understating of how these tools influence revenue generated. Chapter Two concludes with a brief structured analysis of the literature review presented. Chapter three will seek to explore and examine the aim of the research process and how the fieldwork will be conducted. Research limitations will be presented, the fieldwork and how information will be handled. This chapter describes what happens in all the stages on the fieldwork.   (Before, during, and after the fieldwork). In Chapter Four we present a generic practice within the studied hotels and give a short generic presentation of the hotels participating and describe how RM tools are used in terms of the followings; overbooking, displacement analysis, price control, inventory control (length of stay restriction). Concluding the chapter with a description of how the respondents recognize the external environment followed by their perception on revenue management and their practices of RM techniques. In Chapter Five, the empirical findings will be evaluated and analysed in a way that it can be linked with the literature overview presented in Chapter Two. This will be done through a critical analysis. These analyses will illustrate the effectiveness of RM application in Nigerian hotels and how it is been adopted, therefore, Chapter Six will be based on the analysis of revenue management tactics. Chapter Six gives the implication of our main findings and conclusions, as this will be based on the entire research carried out, Furthermore, suggestions of areas which is felt to be further developed after critical evaluation of RM application in Nigeria is made following Choi and Mattila (2004)’s investigation on the impact of revenue management as regards to customers’ perceptions on fairness. LITERATURE REVIEW ON REVENUEMANAGEMENT Revenue ManagementDefinition In this chapter, RM literature will be explored, following all the five application tools afore mentioned. In the literature, Burgess and Bryant, (2001) said, many authors are conversant with the use of interchanging the term revenue management (RM) with yield management (YM). Some consider YM only to be related with revenue derived from accommodation whereas RM may encompass all areas of hotel revenue Therefore, it is important to highlight the term YM and clarify its meaning for the purpose of this thesis. Many definitions are available on YM. Jones and Val, (1993) said, yield is calculated by taking revenue realized and dividing it by revenue potential. However, RM is often associated with the following definition by Kimes, (2000, p. 121) â€Å"The application of information systems and pricing strategies to allocate the right capacity to the right customer at the right place at the right time.† further assessment conducted by Mitchell (1992) states that revenue management is the process of controlling room availability by opening, closing and restricting different room rates based on forecast demand in order to maximise room revenue. Jauncey et al. concluded through an analysis of literatures, came up with the term â€Å"best fit† definition for RM, which is â€Å"An integrated, continuous and systematic approach to maximizing room revenue through the manipulation of room rates in response to forecasted patterns of demand.† Jauncey et al., (1995, p. 25) and a description of RM, according to Jones and Val (1993), is to apply basic economic principles to pricing and to control the supply of rooms for the purpose of maximizing room revenue. Which means that in order to have an effective RM technique in place one would need to understand the basic economics of supply and demand so that the right price could be set in order to increase room revenue for the company, following what kimes (1998a) said about selling the right product to the right customer at the right time and the right place. Nevertheless, some conditions for the application of revenue management must predominate according to kimes (2000). These conditions include; Capacity must be relatively fixed, RM tactics is primarily designed for a capacity constrained firms but firms not having this capacity constraints can make use of inventory as a buffer dealing with fluctuations in demand. Service should be perishable, service ends when ends. Service could be sold well in advance of cunsumption, to maximize room revenue, some sort of reservation system which allows inventory bookings to be received well in advance should be put in place. The cost of a sale should be relatively low, this simply means the cost of putting a guest in another unoccupied room is relatively lower than building another room. Demand should flunctuate substancially, peak and off peak seasons, festive periods are all examples of demand fluctuations. Market could be segmented e.g Leisure travellers and business travellers. When looking at the literature from a historical perspective, it was the airline industry that has been credited with the development and refinement of RM following the deregulation of the U.S. airline industry in the 1970s, Kimes, (1989a), and McMahon-Beattie et al., (1999). This deregulation resulted in a heavy competition within the airline industry and led to a price cutting war. Nevertheless, from the literatures of Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003), managing inventory became an important part of running a successful business in the early 1970s. As a result of this competitive circumstances, McMahon-Beattie et al., (1999) said, the adoption of RM began in the hotel industry in the middle of the 1980s as the industry was faced with excess capacity, severe short-term liquidity problem and increasing business failure rates. Purpose of Yield Management Jones and Hamilton (1992) among others said, RM in the hotel industry tries to maximize the available guest room rates when room demand exceeds available room and to maximize occupancy when available room exceeds room demands, even at the expense of the average room rate. Nevertheless, some authors like Jauncey et al., (1995), McMahon-Beattie et al.,(1999), Siguaw et al., (2001) all agree that the purpose of RM is the maximization of room revenue through the manipulation of room rates in a structured fashion, so as to take into account forecasted patterns of demand. It is a technique that attempts to maximize profits by using information about buying behaviour and sales to create pricing and inventory controls, Lee-Ross and Johns, (1997). Why RM. Donaghy et. al., (1995), and Kimes, (1989b) just to mention a few, has examined RM applications and studied its definition, researchers like Donaghy and McMahon, (1995), Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, (1998), Hiemstra, (1999), Kimes, (1989a, b, 1997), Yeoman and Watson, (1997), looked at the critical factors that are likely to influence the application and implementation of RM and finally, the ethical issues in terms of customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty over a long period of time can be seen in the following literatures, Cross, (1992, 1997), Jauncey et al., (1995), Kimes, (1994), and Lieberman, (1993). Cross, (1997) added that within one year of the adoption of RM, Delta airline generated $300 million increment, $500 million annually was recorded annually by American airline, over $100 million is annually generated by   Marriott jr Hotels and $2 million gained in the first two weeks, following the adoption of RM techniques at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. RM Tools Pricing strategies First and foremost, RM tools are intertwined, one tool depends on the other to function effectively. Pricing strategies used to be a decision by the overall managers before, but in recent years, that schedule has been given to a revenue manager but the principle of differential pricing is said not to be attributed to the immergence of RM by Donaghy, et al (1995). Hotel managers have long been using various pricing strategies to maximize their profits by bringing the seasonal demand for rooms and capacity limitations into a balance (Choi and Cho, 2000), even before the deregulation in the airline industry that gave birth to RM in the 1970’s. Differential pricing strategies including; price discrimination, off peak pricing and demand based pricing may change the reference price and reference transaction which could cause customers to feel the current transaction is unfair and the customer could even perceive such differential pricing as price gorging. (Whirtz et al (2003; pg 220 )), A stochastic or probabilistic demand seemed justified on the basis that consumers ‘arrive’ at random times before consumption. From the pricing perspective, though, a theoretical structure was needed to explain how demand is shaped or why it would follow a particular pattern across time. Otherwise, there was no assurance that the past is able to predict the future [Bernstein, 1996; Ng, 2004]. Accordingly, despite tremendous computing power available today, pricing based on demand forecasts faces the same old problem in conventional probability theory, where, according to Bernstein [1996: 334], ‘the raw material of the model is the data of the past’. Some research studies have attempted to shed some light on the behaviour of the advance buyer. The literature is scant, dominated by marketing, and not commonly brought into revenue management research. For example, Desiraju and Shugan [1999] evaluated strategic pricing in advance selling and found that yiel d management strategies such as discounting, overbooking and limiting early sales work best when price-insensitive customers buy later than price-sensitive customers. Shugan and Xie [2000] showed that due to the state dependency of service utility, buyers are uncertain in advance and become certain at consumption time while sellers remain uncertain of buyer states at consumption time because of information asymmetry. They suggest that advance selling overcomes the informational disadvantage of sellers and it is therefore a strategy to increase profit. Xie and Shugan [2001] studied when advance selling improves profits and how advance prices should be set. They have also investigated the optimality of advance selling, investigating selling in a variety of situations, buyer risk aversion, second period arrivals, limited capacity, yield management and other advance selling issues. Png [1989], on the other hand, showed that costless reservations in advance is a profitable pricing strate gy as it induces truth revelation on the type of valuation that the consumer has for the service (which is private information). If the consumer has a high valuation i.e. ability to consume, s/he will use the reservation and pay a higher price. If not, the consumer will not use it. In another paper, Png [1991] compared the strategies of charging consumers a lower price for advance sales and attaching a price premium at the date of consumption versus charging them a premium and promising a refund should consumption prices be lower than what was purchased. Despite these models that aim to capture primitive advance demand behaviour, there has not been much effort to integrate them into a unified framework, nor have there been any attempts to bridge the behavioural aspects of demand with revenue management research. Models of the former capture individual consumer behaviour (or homogeneous consumer segments) and it was difficult to see how that could be aggregated and applied to revenue management that mostly dealt Overbooking, cancellations and no-shows Overbooking, is simply defined as a concept of accepting more reservations than the physical available capacity with the knowledge that some bookings will end up as a no-show, or cancellations furthermore, this serve as a hedge against early check outs, this is said in the literature that overbooking is one of the oldest form of RM tactics Karaesmen and van Ryzin, (2004). Overbooking is actually not a bad concept, but if not managed well, it could lead to overselling. Overselling happens when the number of arrivals exceeds the available room capacity.   Authors have examined how hotels could secure themselves in other to avoid no-shows or cancellations by guests, through appropriate reservation policies, (Alstrup et al., (1986), Belobaba, (1989), Hersh and Ladany, (1978), Lieberman and Yechiali, (1978), Rothstein, (1971, 1974, 1985), Thompson, (1961), and Toh, (1985)) airlines. Under this strategy, the seller deliberately oversells capacity if high-paying consumers show up, even when capacity is already fully booked. The seller then cancels the sale to some low-paying customers while providing them with appropriate compensation. We derive a new rule to optimally allocate capacity to consumers when overselling is used, and show that overselling helps limit the potential yield and spoilage losses. Yield loss is reduced because the seller can capture more high-paying customers by compensating low-paying customers who give up their right to the product. Displacement analysis Displacement analysis has been a very challenging exercise for function room analysis. It is challenging to determine what to negotiate when considering booking a group with a significant lead time, because when compression does hit it is possible that more money could have been made by waiting and taking the last-minute groups that are willing to pay higher prices. But that requires hotels taking significant risks and gambles The concept of displacement is defined by Abbort and Lewry, (1991) is said to be â€Å"those prospective customers who are unable to obtain a higher rate because the rooms have already been booked by customers paying lower rate.†Ã‚   Furthermore, Biyalogorsky, (1999) added that displacement concept is â€Å"selling at a low price, and losing a better price later†. Displacement analysis is divided in to two parts, including; Primary displacement and Secondary displacement. Primary displacement is also known as the direct displacement, and these are those prospective guest who are willing to increase the room rate themselves just to get booked for a particular date of arrival but could not be booked due to the fact that the available rooms are already been booked by guests with lower rates. Secondly, the secondary displacement which is also known as indirect displacement and are said to be those subsequent rooms lost due to primary displacement. Example of this displacement analysis can be seen in appendix 1. Inventory control 1 The Mechanics of Inventory Control Distribution and Central Reservation Systems Traditional revenue management is intimately related with distribution and central reservation systems. Distribution and central reservation systems represent a broad and fascinating topic in their own right. An excellent high-level account of airline planning, marketing, and distribution activities and their relation to operations research can be found in Smith et al. (2001). Here   we provide only sufficient background information to facilitate discussion of the main topic of this paper, revenue management. Forecasting Forecasting is an important strategy of RM in any organisation adopting its techniques; but it is particularly critical in hotel revenue management because of the direct influence forecasts have on the available room booking limits that determine hotel profits. Not surprisingly, forecasting is concurrent with the literature on overbooking because overbooking calculations depend on predictions of ultimate demand, cancellations, and no-shows. Demand forecasting Jauncey et al., (1995), Pak and Piersma, (2002), Kime, (1999), 2003), all agreed that forecasting is one of the key principles of revenue management. Jauncey et al., (1995), Donaghy et al., (1995, 1997), juxtaposed the effectiveness of a good RM system by adding that it should be able to predict demand conditions and fluctuations by analyzing reservation patterns, arrival, departures and a score of other demand characteristics. Recently, the following literatures by Anderson and Blair, (2004), Desiraju and Shugan, (1999) suggested that revenue management systems with forecasting algorithms are expensive to implement in real terms. Lahoti, (2002) added by saying that, a typical RM system costs between $1 million to $3 million and takes more than two years to implement. Moreover, research has proven and showed that these complex and sophisticated revenue management systems are not liable to mislead, deceive, or disappoint. In fact, Ng et al., (1999) added that, using the data of the pa st and sales department using present day information, conflicts often occur, and many revenue management tactics should employ some level of human intervention, in other words, making use of RM as a guide but human intervention is still relevant. Forecasting has four limitations, following the literatures by c.f. Chase, 1999; Lieberman, 1993; Relihan, 1989; Boyd, 2004; Desiraju and Shugan, 1999. Firstly, A proposition upon which forecasting is based or from which a forecasting conclusion is drawn, should be based on fundamental concepts of consumer behaviour, (Chase, 1999; Lieberman, 1993, Relihan, 1989).   It will be of great importance to bring to revenue managers attention according to Carry, (2004) revenue manipulation and maximisation using forecast method. Consequently, this may not be a good indicator of the subsequent or present bookings, and cannot be determined by using only RM system by studying historical pattern of demand, because the reason why consumers act or react the way they do is just as important as how they are behaving. Secondly, forecasting tactic at its best when adopted is still a combination segments that could, if possible, be desegregated for higher revenue. Thirdly, demand records are subject t o many factors, including the pricing strategies of the existing competitors at that time. We can only assume and predict based on the historical data. Finally, demand can be influenced, not merely be known. As early as 1951, Schumpeter, (1951), Liebhafsky, (1968) said that wants cannot be taken as independent and consumers could be taught by producers to want new things. Figure 1 duration price fixed variable predictable Quadrant 1MoviesStadiums and arenasConvention centres Quadrant 2HotelsAirlinesRental cars Cruise lines unpredictable Quadrant 3RestaurantsGolf CoursesInternet service providers Quadrant4Continuing careHospitals (Kimes. 2000. p.127) The industries found in quadrant 2, such as airlines and hotels, are generally those associated with RM, Weatherford et al., (2001). That is because these industries tend to use variable pricing for services with a specified or predictable duration. Nevertheless, Donaghy and McMahon (1995) state that a successful application of RM techniques results in fluctuating room prices. RM therefore, consists of not two, but three separate, interrelated parts; inventory management, duration control, and pricing. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, P. and Lewry, S. (1991) Front Office Procedures, Social Skills and Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bitran, G. and Caldentey, R. 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International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 9 (2), 80–83. [/level-freee-rstricted]

The Postwar World After World War II

The Postwar World After World War II The most transformative conflict in history, World War II impacted the entire globe and set the stage for the Cold War. As the war raged, the leaders of the Allies met several times to direct the course of the fighting and to begin planning for the postwar world. With the defeat of Germany and Japan, their plans were put into action. The Atlantic Charter: Laying the Groundwork Planning for the post-World War II world began before the United States even entered the conflict. On August 9, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill first met aboard the cruiser USS Augusta. The meeting took place while the ship was anchored at US Naval Station Argentia (Newfoundland), which had recently been acquired from Britain as part of the Bases for Destroyers Agreement. Meeting over two days, the leaders produced the Atlantic Charter, which called for self-determination of peoples, freedom of the seas, global economic cooperation, disarmament of aggressor nations, reduced trade barriers, and freedom from want and fear. In addition, the United States and Britain stated that they sought no territorial gains from the conflict and called for the defeat of Germany. Announced on August 14, it was soon adopted by the other Allied nations as well as the Soviet Union. The charter was met with suspicion by the Axis powers, who interpreted it as a budding alliance against them. The Arcadia Conference: Europe First Shortly after the US entrance into the war, the two leaders met again in Washington DC. Codenamed the Arcadia Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill held meetings between December 22, 1941, and January 14, 1942. The key decision from this conference was agreement on a Europe First strategy for winning the war. Due to the proximity of many of the Allied nations to Germany, it was felt that the Nazis offered a greater threat. While the majority of resources would be devoted to Europe, the Allies planned on fighting a holding battle with Japan. This decision met with some resistance in the United States as public sentiment favored exacting revenge on the Japanese for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Arcadia Conference also produced the Declaration by the United Nations. Devised by Roosevelt, the term United Nations became the official name for the Allies. Initially signed by 26 nations, the declaration called for the signatories to uphold the Atlantic Charter, employ all their resources against the Axis, and forbade nations from signing a separate peace with Germany or Japan. The tenets set forth in the declaration became the basis for the modern United Nations, which was created after the war. Wartime Conferences While Churchill and Roosevelt met again in Washington in June 1942 to discuss strategy, it was their January 1943 conference in Casablanca that would affect the wars prosecution. Meeting with Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud, Roosevelt and Churchill recognized the two men as the joint leaders of the Free French. At the end of the conference, the Casablanca Declaration was announced, which called for the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers as well as aid for the Soviets and the invasion of Italy. That summer, Churchill again crossed the Atlantic to confer with Roosevelt. Convening in Quebec, the two set the date of D-Day for May 1944 and drafted the secret Quebec Agreement. This called for a sharing of atomic research and outlined the basis of nuclear nonproliferation between their two nations. In November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill traveled to Cairo to meet with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek. The first conference to primarily focus on the Pacific war, the meeting resulted in the Allies promising to seek the unconditional surrender of Japan, the return of Japanese-occupied Chinese lands, and Korean independence. The Tehran Conference and the Big Three On November 28, 1943, the two western leaders traveled to Tehran, Iran to meet with Joseph Stalin. The first meeting of the Big Three (United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union), the Tehran Conference was one of only two wartime meetings between the three leaders. Initial conversations saw Roosevelt and Churchill receive Soviet support for their war policies in exchange for backing the communist Partisans in Yugoslavia and allowing Stalin to manipulate the Soviet-Polish border. Subsequent discussions centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. The meeting confirmed that this attack would come through France rather than through the Mediterranean as Churchill desired. Stalin also promised to declare war on Japan following the defeat of Germany. Before the conference concluded, the Big Three reaffirmed their demand for unconditional surrender and laid out the initial plans for occupying Axis territory after the war. Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks While the Big Three leaders were directing the war, other efforts were moving forward to build the framework for the postwar world. In July 1944, representatives of 45 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, NH to design the postwar international monetary system. Officially dubbed the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the meeting produced the agreements that formed the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the International Monetary Fund. In addition, the meeting created the Bretton Woods system of exchange rate management which was used until 1971. The following month, delegates met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC to begin formulating the United Nations. Key discussions included the make-up of the organization as well as the design of the Security Council. The agreements from Dumbarton Oaks were reviewed April-June 1945, at the United Nations Conference on International Organization. This meeting produced the United Nations Charter which gave birth to the modern United Nations. The Yalta Conference As the war was winding down, the Big Three met again at the Black Sea resort of Yalta from February 4-11, 1945. Each arrived at the conference with their own agenda, with Roosevelt seeking Soviet aid against Japan, Churchill demanding free elections in Eastern Europe, and Stalin desiring to create a Soviet sphere of influence. Also to be discussed were plans for the occupation of Germany. Roosevelt was able to obtain Stalins promise to enter the war with Japan within 90 days of Germanys defeat in exchange for Mongolian independence, the Kurile Islands, and part of Sakhalin Island. On the issue of Poland, Stalin demanded that the Soviet Union receive territory from their neighbor in order to create a defensive buffer zone. This was reluctantly agreed to, with Poland being compensated by moving its western border into Germany and receiving part of East Prussia. In addition, Stalin promised free elections after the war; however, this was not fulfilled. As the meeting concluded, a final plan for the occupation of Germany was agreed upon and Roosevelt obtained Stalins word that the Soviet Union would participate in the new United Nations. The Potsdam Conference The final meeting of the Big Three took place at Potsdam, Germany between July 17 and August 2, 1945. Representing the United States was new president Harry S. Truman,  who had succeeded to the office following Roosevelts death in April. Britain was initially represented by Churchill, however, he was replaced by new Prime Minister Clement Attlee following Labors victory in the 1945 general election. As before, Stalin represented the Soviet Union. The principal goals of the conference were to begin designing the postwar world, negotiating treaties, and dealing with other issues raised by the defeat of Germany. The conference largely ratified many of the decisions agreed to at Yalta and stated that the goals of the occupation of Germany would be demilitarization, denazification, democratization, and decartelization. In regards to Poland, the conference confirmed the territorial changes and gave recognition to the Soviet-backed provisional government. These decisions were made public in the Potsdam Agreement, which stipulated that all other issues would be dealt with in the final peace treaty (this was not signed until 1990). On July 26, while the conference was ongoing, Truman, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms  for  Japans surrender. Occupation of the Axis Powers With the end to the war, the Allied powers began occupations of both Japan and Germany. In the Far East, US troops took possession of Japan and were aided by British Commonwealth forces in the reconstruction and demilitarization of the country. In Southeast Asia, the colonial powers returned to their former possessions, while Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel, with the Soviets in the north and the US in the south. Commanding the occupation of Japan was  General Douglas MacArthur. A gifted administrator, MacArthur oversaw the nations transition to a constitutional monarchy and the rebuilding of the Japanese economy. With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, MacArthurs attention was diverted to the new conflict and increasingly more power was returned to the Japanese government. The occupation ended following the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (Treaty of Peace with Japan) on September 8, 1951, which officially concluded World War II in the Pacific. In Europe, both Germany and Austria were divided into four occupation zones under American, British, French, and Soviet control. Also, the capital at Berlin was divided along similar lines. While the original occupation plan called for Germany to be ruled as a single unit through the Allied Control Council, this soon broke down as tensions rose between the Soviets and the Western Allies. As the occupation progressed the US, British, and French zones were merged into one uniformly governed area. The Cold War On June 24, 1948, the Soviets initiated the first action of the  Cold War  by shutting down all access to Western-occupied West Berlin. To combat the Berlin Blockade, the Western Allies began the  Berlin Airlift,  which transported desperately needed food and fuel to the beleaguered city. Flying for almost a year, Allied aircraft kept the city supplied until the Soviets relented in May 1949. That same month, the Western-controlled sectors were formed into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). This was countered by the Soviets that October ​when they reconstituted their sector into the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). This coincided with their increasing control over governments in Eastern Europe. Angered by the Western Allies lack of action to prevent the Soviets from taking control, these nations referred to their abandonment as the Western Betrayal. Rebuilding As the politics of postwar Europe were taking shape, efforts were made to rebuild the continents shattered economy. In an attempt to expedite economic regrowth and ensure the survival of democratic governments, the United States allocated $13 billion to the rebuilding of Western Europe. Beginning in 1947, and known as the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), the program ran until 1952. In both Germany and Japan, efforts were made to locate and prosecute war criminals. In Germany, the accused were tried at  Nuremberg  while in Japan the trials were held in Tokyo. As tensions rose and the Cold War began, the issue of Germany remained unresolved. Though two nations had been created from pre-war Germany, Berlin technically remained occupied and no final settlement had been concluded. For the next 45 years, Germany was on the front lines of the Cold War. It was only with the fall of the  Berlin Wall  in 1989, and the collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe that the final issues of the war could be resolved. In 1990, the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed, reunifying Germany and officially ending World War II in Europe.